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3D Printed Sinus Pathways
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3D Printed Sinus Pathways
This 3D model provides a midsagittal to parasagittal segment of a right head to demonstrate the relationships and
passageways of the paranasal sinuses. These passageways have been highlighted with thin coloured markers to indicate
the relationship of these communicating routes between the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity.
Starting
anteriorly in the nasal cavity, the opening of the nasolacrimal duct (white) is present just deep to the inferior
nasal conchae. The middle nasal concha has been sectioned to allow for a clear view of the opening of the maxillary
sinus (visible in the parasagittal plane) across the semilunar hiatus (green), as well as the drainage of the
frontal sinus (blue; with the sinus visible superiorly in the section and in the transverse cut through the
specimen) and the anterior (orange) and middle (yellow) ethmoidal cells. The opening of the posterior ethmoidal
cells into the superior meatus is shown through the purple marker, which is visible within a small opened window
into the ethmoid just superior to the nasal cavity. Finally, the opening of the sphenoid sinus is marked in red and
visible through the opened sphenoid sinus itself just superior to the nasopharyngeal region.
In addition to these
pathways, this 3D model also captures some of the surrounding anatomy within the section. Visible in the midsagittal
view are the other primary structures of the nasal cavity from the nostril to the opening of the auditory tube
posteriorly. The soft palate and uvula are preserved, as is the rest of the pharynx just to the level of the
epiglottis and collapsed laryngeal region at the inferior part of the preserved specimen. The oral cavity is
displayed in cross section, with distinct genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles. In the cranial cavity, parts of the
brain are preserved including the inferior parts of the frontal lobe and the right optic nerve/chiasm/tract. The
pituitary gland is visible in cross-section just superior to the sphenoid sinus. The pons, medulla oblongata, and
most of the cerebellum are present, with a small part of the tentorium cerebelli separating the cerebellum from the
right occipital lobe of the cerebrum. On the parasagittal side of the specimen there is a continuation of the
tentorium cerebelli separating these parts of the brain, with clear cross-sections of the transverse sinus and part
of the sigmoid sinus on either side of the cerebellum. Overlying this is a small part of the medial temporal lobe of
the cerebellum with part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle deep within the lobe.
GTSimulators by Global Technologies
Erler Zimmer Authorized Dealer
The models are very detailed and delicate. With normal production machines you cannot realize such details like shown in these models.
The printer used is a color-plastic printer. This is the most suitable printer for these models.
The plastic material is already the best and most suitable material for these prints. (The other option would be a kind of gypsum, but this is way more fragile. You even cannot get them out of the printer without breaking them).The huge advantage of the prints is that they are very realistic as the data is coming from real human specimen. Nothing is shaped or stylized.
The users have to handle these prints with utmost care. They are not made for touching or bending any thin nerves, arteries, vessels etc. The 3D printed models should sit on a table and just rotated at the table.