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3D Printed Multiple Renal Calculi
Handling Guidelines for 3D Printed Models
GTSimulators by Global Technologies
Erler Zimmer Authorized Dealer
6.0 lb
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3D Printed Multiple Renal Calculi
Item # MP2095
$714.00
$794.00
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Features & Specifications
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3D Printed Multiple Renal Calculi
Clinical History
A 68-year old male presented with fevers and rigors. Further questioning
reveals a 6-month history of intermittent bilateral flank pain and haematuria. Biochemical investigations reveal
significantly impaired renal function with a normal serum calcium. A CT abdomen showed bilateral hydronephrosis with
multiple renal calculi as well as perinephric and subphrenic abscesses. He later died from progressive renal
failure.
Pathology
The specimen is patient’s kidney, which is grossly and partially bisected. There is
gross dilatation of the pelvi-calyceal system visible. Significant atrophy of renal tissue can be seen, in some
places being reduced to a mere rim. A large mottled brown-white calculus lies in the pelvis, and a smaller calculus
occludes the ureter lumen. The ureter is dilated proximal to the impacted calculus. There are multiple calculi
visible within the calyces of the specimen.
Further Information
Urolithiasis (renal calculi) is a very common disease affecting up to 1 in 10
individuals during their lifetime. Formation of the stones can occur anywhere along the urinary tract but most
commonly occurs within the kidneys. Risk factors for stone formation include male gender; any condition that affects
the composition of the urine, such as hypercalciuria or high urine oxalate; systemic metabolic disorders, such as
cystinuria and gout; dietary factors, such as high oxalate and animal protein intake, low fluid intake; and
environmental factors, such as high dry temperatures. 80% of renal calculi are unilateral.
Symptoms of
urolithiasis include excruciating pain, haematuria, nausea, vomiting, fainting, dysuria and urgency. Symptoms depend
on the size and the site of the calculus. Urolithiasis can be asymptomatic especially if the stones are formed and
remain within the renal pelvis or bladder. Symptoms occur when the stones move into the ureter. Pain from calculi is
usually colicky and typically severe in nature; occurring in paroxysms. The flank is the most common site for pain
but pain can occur anywhere along the urinary tract and into the genitals. Pain resolves on passage of the stone.
Haematuria can be gross or microscopic.
There are four main types of renal calculi:
Calcium stones are the most common, comprising 70% of all stones. They are made up of calcium oxalate or a mixture
with calcium phosphate. Hypercalciuria, hypercalcemia and hyperoxaluria are common causes of these
stones.
Struvite stones make up 5-10% of stones. They are comprised of magnesium ammonium phosphate. These are
commonly formed as a result of proteus infections and lead to the formation of very large “staghorn”
calculi.
Uric acid stones make up 5-10% of calculi. These occur in patients with hyperuricemia, such as gout and
chronic leukaemias.
The remainder are made up of cysteine, which is due to impaired renal reabsorption of amino
acids such as cystine.
Diagnosis can be made based on the medical history and examination. Radiological tools frequently used to assist
diagnosis include non-contrast CT or ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder. Less commonly used imaging methods
include abdominal X-ray, intravenous pyelogram and magnetic resonance imaging.
If left untreated renal damage and
failure from progressive obstruction. Renal calculi also predispose patients to infection secondary to obstruction
and trauma that they cause. Treatment in acute patients include supportive treatment to allow the passage of the
stone. Medical treatment used includes analgesia, commonly NSAIDs and opiates, and agents to aid passage of the
stone, such as alpha blockers, calcium channel blockers and antispasmodics. Surgical intervention may be required if
there are severe complications due to calculi or if the stone is large and unable to be expelled with conservative
treatment. Surgical interventions include lithotripsy (using lasers or electricity), laparoscopic stone removal or
percutaneous stone removal. Open surgery is rarely required.
Handling Guidelines for 3D Printed Models
GTSimulators by Global Technologies
Erler Zimmer Authorized Dealer
These items normal warranty are two years, however the warranty doesn’t cover “wear and tear”. The manufacturer does have 100% quality control on these models.
The models are very detailed and delicate. With normal production machines you cannot realize such details like shown in these models.
The printer used is a color-plastic printer. This is the most suitable printer for these models.
The plastic material is already the best and most suitable material for these prints. (The other option would be a kind of gypsum, but this is way more fragile. You even cannot get them out of the printer without breaking them).The huge advantage of the prints is that they are very realistic as the data is coming from real human specimen. Nothing is shaped or stylized.
The users have to handle these prints with utmost care. They are not made for touching or bending any thin nerves, arteries, vessels etc. The 3D printed models should sit on a table and just rotated at the table.
The models are very detailed and delicate. With normal production machines you cannot realize such details like shown in these models.
The printer used is a color-plastic printer. This is the most suitable printer for these models.
The plastic material is already the best and most suitable material for these prints. (The other option would be a kind of gypsum, but this is way more fragile. You even cannot get them out of the printer without breaking them).The huge advantage of the prints is that they are very realistic as the data is coming from real human specimen. Nothing is shaped or stylized.
The users have to handle these prints with utmost care. They are not made for touching or bending any thin nerves, arteries, vessels etc. The 3D printed models should sit on a table and just rotated at the table.
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