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3D Printed Adult Polycystic Disease
Handling Guidelines for 3D Printed Models
GTSimulators by Global Technologies
Erler Zimmer Authorized Dealer
6.0 lb
3D Printed Adult Polycystic Disease
Item # MP2091
$729.00
$810.00
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Features & Specifications
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3D Printed Adult Polycystic Disease
Clinical History
A 40-year old male attends his GP complaining of 2 weeks of haematuria and new
onset of headache with blurred vision. His GP notes a blood pressure of 260/110 and refers the patient to hospital.
The patient collapses on arrival to hospital. A CT brain shows a large subarachnoid haemorrhage from a ruptured
‘berry’ aneurysm. The patient dies shortly after admission.
Pathology
The specimen is an enlarged kidney. The renal parenchyma has been almost completely
replaced by numerous dilated cysts varying in size, up to 3cm in diameter. The cysts have thin translucent walls,
and some cysts contain material of varying colours, giving a ‘marble-like’ appearance to the cut surface of the
kidney. The varying colours are caused by the secretions within the cysts, which may be admixed with haemorrhage.
The external surface appears lobulated as a result of multiple projecting cysts. Any remaining renal parenchyma is
severely atrophic caused by the pressure of the numerous cysts. This is an example of adult polycystic kidney
disease.
Further Information
Adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD) is an autosomal dominant disorder
characterised by the presence of multiple cysts within the renal parenchyma. The cysts develop from altered renal
tubule epithelium. The cysts expand destroying the glomeruli, causing ischaemia, pressure atrophy, and eventually
leading to renal failure.
APKD occurs in 1 in 40 to 1000 live births. Mutations in the PKD1 gene on chromosome
16p13.3 and PKD2 gene on chromosome 4q21 have been described as causal mutations. These code for membrane proteins
polycystin 1 and 2, respectively. Patients with PKD1 mutation are more common and have a more severe phenotype. End
stage renal disease (ESRD) occurs at a mean age of 74.0 in PKD2 versus 54.3 years in PKD1.
Common symptoms of APKD include haematuria from haemorrhage into cysts and pain or a sensation of dragging from the expansion of cysts and kidney enlargement. Many patients remain asymptomatic until features of renal failure occur such as proteinuria, polyuria, hypertension and uraemia. Extrarenal manifestations of the disease include intracranial ‘berry’ aneurysms, hepatic and pancreatic cysts, as well as mitral valve prolapse and other types of cardiac valve disease. Renal ultrasound is the most common investigation used to diagnose APKD. CT- and MRI scans may also be used as diagnostic tools. Patients with a positive family history of APKD can be offered screening renal US scans and genetic testing in some cases. Treatment involves renal replacement therapy for ESRD and renal transplant (if a donor can be found).
Ultimately, over one-third of patients die from renal failure and one-third from coronary or hypertensive heart disease. Approximately 1% of patients die from subarachnoid haemorrhage, because of berry aneurysm rupture (as in this case). Remaining deaths are due to unrelated causes.
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Handling Guidelines for 3D Printed Models
GTSimulators by Global Technologies
Erler Zimmer Authorized Dealer
These items normal warranty are two years, however the warranty doesn’t cover “wear and tear”. The manufacturer does have 100% quality control on these models.
The models are very detailed and delicate. With normal production machines you cannot realize such details like shown in these models.
The printer used is a color-plastic printer. This is the most suitable printer for these models.
The plastic material is already the best and most suitable material for these prints. (The other option would be a kind of gypsum, but this is way more fragile. You even cannot get them out of the printer without breaking them).The huge advantage of the prints is that they are very realistic as the data is coming from real human specimen. Nothing is shaped or stylized.
The users have to handle these prints with utmost care. They are not made for touching or bending any thin nerves, arteries, vessels etc. The 3D printed models should sit on a table and just rotated at the table.
The models are very detailed and delicate. With normal production machines you cannot realize such details like shown in these models.
The printer used is a color-plastic printer. This is the most suitable printer for these models.
The plastic material is already the best and most suitable material for these prints. (The other option would be a kind of gypsum, but this is way more fragile. You even cannot get them out of the printer without breaking them).The huge advantage of the prints is that they are very realistic as the data is coming from real human specimen. Nothing is shaped or stylized.
The users have to handle these prints with utmost care. They are not made for touching or bending any thin nerves, arteries, vessels etc. The 3D printed models should sit on a table and just rotated at the table.
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3D Printed Adult Polycystic Disease
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