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3D Printed Carcinoma of Larynx with a 13 Month History of Dysphonia
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3D Printed Carcinoma of Larynx with a 13 Month History of Dysphonia
Clinical History
A 47-year-old male presents with a 13-month history of dysphonia and
odynophagia at the level of his thyroid cartilage. He has a significant smoking history. Investigations revealed a
laryngeal tumour. He received radiotherapy to the tumour followed by a laryngectomy. Six months later pulmonary
metastases were discovered, and he subsequently died.
Pathology
This is the patient’s laryngectomy specimen. The larynx has been sliced open and is
viewed from the posterior aspect. There is significant right vocal cord distortion by an irregular ulcerating
tumour. Mucosal congestion is also noted. Histologically this was a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma
(SCC).
Further Information
Over 95% of laryngeal cancers are SCC. The tumour usually develops on the
vocal cords but may occur above or below the cords, on the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds or in the pyriform
sinuses. The cancer usually begins as carcinoma in situ, progressing to ulcerated and fungating carcinoma with
continued exposure to carcinogens.
The greatest risk factors for developing cancer of the larynx are tobacco
smoke and alcohol consumption. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection, asbestos exposure and irradiation have also
shown increased incidence. Males are affected more than females. It most frequently presents in the 6th decade of
life.
Laryngeal cancer may spread by invading into surrounding structures, via lymphatics usually to local cervical nodes or haematogenous metastasis most commonly to the lungs. Common symptoms on presentation include dysphonia, dysphagia, odynophagia, globus and cough. Less commonly haemoptysis, stridor, dyspnoea and halitosis may be described. Treatment varies on the stage of the disease. Smoking and alcohol cessation are important for all disease stages. In early disease laryngeal preservation treatments may include laser therapy, microsurgery and radiotherapy. Later stage disease treatments may involve a combination of laryngectomy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
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The models are very detailed and delicate. With normal production machines you cannot realize such details like shown in these models.
The printer used is a color-plastic printer. This is the most suitable printer for these models.
The plastic material is already the best and most suitable material for these prints. (The other option would be a kind of gypsum, but this is way more fragile. You even cannot get them out of the printer without breaking them).The huge advantage of the prints is that they are very realistic as the data is coming from real human specimen. Nothing is shaped or stylized.
The users have to handle these prints with utmost care. They are not made for touching or bending any thin nerves, arteries, vessels etc. The 3D printed models should sit on a table and just rotated at the table.